"There Is Only One True Gospel"
Galatians 1:1-9

1 Paul, an apostle (not sent from men, nor through the agency of man, but through Jesus Christ, and God the Father, who raised Him from the dead), 2 and all the brethren who are with me, to the churches of Galatia: 3 Grace to you and peace from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ, 4 who gave Himself for our sins, that He might deliver us out of this present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father, 5 to whom be the glory forevermore. Amen. 6 I am amazed that you are so quickly deserting Him who called you by the grace of Christ, for a different gospel; 7 which is really not another; only there are some who are disturbing you, and want to distort the gospel of Christ. 8 But even though we, or an angel from heaven, should preach to you a gospel contrary to that which we have preached to you, let him be accursed. 9 As we have said before, so I say again now, if any man is preaching to you a gospel contrary to that which you received, let him be accursed.

Introduction: Someone once asked an evangelist how he accounted for the thousands of religions in the world. The evangelist stunned the questioner by observing that there were not thousands of religions in the world, but only two. He said, "One religion says that we are saved by doing something. But Christianity says we are saved by having something done for us." His statement sums up the message of Galatians (ENG). The Apostle Paul wrote to the churches in the region of central Asia Minor (modern day Turkey) that was inhabited by a transplanted group of people called Galatians. They were a Celtic people who migrated to that region from Gaul (modern day France) in the 3^rd century B.C. Galatia [guh-lay'shuh] became a Roman province after they were conquered by the Romans in 189 B.C. When establishing the boundaries of the province of Galatia. Rome included some regions not populated by the ethnic Galatians. This broader term was the primary meaning by the time of the New Testament. The Apostle Paul founded churches in the Southern Galatian cities of Antioch [an'tee-ok], Iconium [i-koh'nee-uhm], Lystra [lis'truh], and Derbe [duhr'bee] (Acts 13:14-14:23). Paul had received word that the churches he had recently founded were under assault by Judaizing false teachers who were undermining the central New Testament doctrine of justification by faith. These false teachers were insisting that Gentiles must first become Jewish proselytes and submit to all the Mosaic Law before they could become a Christian (1:7; 4:17, 21; 5:2-12; 6:12-13). Paul wrote this letter to defend justification by faith and to warn these churches of the dire consequences of abandoning that essential doctrine (QRGB). This letter to the Galatians is just as current today as it was when Paul wrote it sometime around 50 A.D. Today we are faced with a proliferation of "New Gospels" in America (GGG). Some of these teachings are outside of the Christian faith, but many have worked their way into the Christian faith. The letter to the Galatians is important today, because it brings into focus what salvation is and what it isn't. In our passage of Scripture today, Paul tells us that there is only one true gospel and that is based upon God's grace through Jesus Christ.

I. The True Gospel (vv.1-5).
1. It's messenger (vv.1-2).

A. He was one sent by God (v.1).

1) An Apostle is one who is sent with authority to represent and speak for another (LBC).

A) "apostle," ("apostolos" {ap-os'-tol-os: n, nom, m, sg}); as one who is sent on a mission with full authority, apostle, messenger, envoy, someone who is a commissioned representative of a congregation, delegate, missionary, representative, often used of a persons who have the special task of founding and establishing churches.

B) He is accredited with special delegated authority and entrusted with a special divine message, Paul claims to be a messenger, an envoy, and ambassador for Christ.

(1) He was endowed with all the credentials of his office.

(2) He was owned by Christ, commissioned by Christ, and empowered by Christ and not by men.

2) Paul's miraculous conversion and call to apostleship created some problems (BEC).

A) From the very beginning, he was apart from the original Apostles.

B) His enemies said that he was not a true apostle for this reason.

C) Paul is careful to point out that he had been made an apostle by Jesus Christ just as much as had the original Twelve.

(1) His apostleship was not from human selection and approval, but by divine appointment.

(A) The preposition apo (from) conveys the meaning of "not from men," that is, it is not legalistic (McGee).

- He is not an apostle by appointment or commission after attending a school or taking a prescribed course.

(B) The preposition dia (through) indicates that it was not through man, that is, not ritualistic by means of laying on of hands, as by a bishop or church court (McGee).

(2) Therefore, he had the authority to deal with the problems in the Galatian churches.

D) Paul had a ministry as an apostle, and specifically as the founder of the Galatian churches.

- As such, he had the authority to deal with the problems in the churches.

B. He was a co-laborer with many others (v.2).

1) Another basis of Paul's authority is implied by his referring to companions with him at the time of writing as brethren, in contrast to his own identification as apostle (MacArthur).

2) Mentioning these co-laborers emphasized the fact that the teachings of this epistle were not peculiar to Paul but were held in common with others (BKC).

2. It's message (vv.3-5).

A. It is a message that brings grace and peace to its hearers (v.3).

1) Paul uses the traditional Greek and Hebrew forms of greeting, grace and peace (BKC).

2) Grace and peace are two of the great words of the gospel (BBC).

A) Grace is God's undeserved kindness toward ungodly sinners.

(1) It tells what God has done, and invites men to receive salvation as a free gift.

(2) "grace," ("charis" {khar'-ece: n, nom, f, sg}); grace, good will, favor, kindness, used here as an experience or state resulting from God's favor, favored position, the divine influence upon the heart and its reflection in the life.

B) Peace is the result of grace.

(1) When a sinner receives the Savior, he has peace with God.

- He can rest in the knowledge that the penalty for his sins has been paid, that all his sins have been forgiven, and that he will never be condemned.

(2) "peace," ("eirene" {i-ray'-nay: n, nom, f, sg}); a state of tranquillity, a state of peace, used here of the disposition characterized by inner rest and harmony, freedom from anxiety.

C) These are the blessings which Paul wishes for the Galatians as he opens his letter.

3) The grace of God must be experienced before the peace that is from God the Father can be experienced (McGee).

B. It was made possible through Christ's willing sacrifice of Himself (v.4a).

1) Christ voluntarily and vicariously offered Himself on account of our sins (LBC).

A) The preposition huper (for) speaks of substitution, instead of, in behalf of.

B) Christ who knew no sin, became sin for us that He might be made the righteousness of God in Him.

(1) 2 Corinthians 5:21, "He made Him who knew no sin to be sin on our behalf, that we might become the righteousness of God in Him."

(2) Christ exchanged places with us; He took all of our sins and gave us all of His righteousness.

(3) He was both the purchaser and the price of our redemption.

C) J. Vernon McGee puts it this way, "Jesus Christ 'gave himself for our sins.' There is nothing that we can add to the value of His sacrifice. Nothing! He gave himself. Can you add anything to His sacrifice? When you give yourself, you have given everything. He gave Himself. He couldn't give any more" (McGee).

2) This is the heart of the gospel, that Christ willingly sacrificed Himself for our sins (MacArthur).

- The statement who gave Himself for our sins affirms that the purpose of Christ's coming was to be a sin offering (cf. 3:13)

C. It completely paid the price for sin (v.4b).

1) Christ's death was not only voluntary, but it totally satisfied God's righteous demands against sinners, reconciled people to God, and provided for human redemption (BKC).

- Hebrews 9:22b, ". . .without shedding of blood there is no forgiveness."

2) At Calvary Jesus Christ once for all settled the sin question (LBC).

A) Just before died He bowed His head and gave up the ghost, He said, "It is finished'' (John 19:30; Lit., "paid in full").

B) Our sins made His sacrifice necessary , and His sacrifice is the only ground of our acceptance of God.

C) If Christ gave Himself to settle the sin question, then it is both unnecessary and impossible for us to add to such a work, or to help atone for our sins by law keeping (BBC).

(1) Christ is the sole and sufficient Savior.

(2) 1 Peter 3:18, "For Christ also died for sins once for all, the just for the unjust, in order that He might bring us to God, having been put to death in the flesh, but made alive in the spirit"

3) Christ not only delivers the believer from the penalty of sin, but also from the power of sin (LBC).

A) The work of Christ on the cross is sufficient to forgive us of our sins, and to finally and fully sanctify us in His presence, but for the time being it is also adequate to free us from our slavery to sin here and now (BFS).

(1) Thus, it is to our present (as well as our future) sanctification that Paul refers.

(A) "might deliver," ("exaireo" {ex-ahee-reh'-o: v, subj, aor, mid, 3 per, sg}); deliver, rescue, set free, pluck out.

(B) "present," ("enistemi" {en-is'-tay-mee: v, part, perf, act, gen, m, sg}); present, things present, be at hand.

(C) "evil," ("poneros" {pon-ay-ros': adj, gen, m, sg}); evil, wicked, malicious.

(D) "age," ("aion" {ahee-ohn': n, gen, m, sg}); era, time, age, lifetime.

- This does not refer to a period of time but to a passing, transitory system, in this case the evil, satanic world system that has dominated the world since the Fall and will continue to dominate it until the Lord's return (MacArthur).

- Although they are not removed from the earth until they die or are raptured, believers are rescued out of this present evil age the moment they receive Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior (MacArthur).

(2) This is especially significant in the context of the whole book, for the Judaizers taught differently.

- They believed that putting men back under the Law would sanctify them, and that faith alone was not sufficient.

B) The purpose of His sacrifice was to deliver us, rescue us, and set us free from this present evil age (LBC).

D. It was done according to God's will (v.4c).

1) This places the credit where it belongs -- not in man's puny efforts, but rather in the sovereign will of God (BBC).

- This emphasizes that Christ is God's way of salvation and that there is no other.

2) This was all in accordance with God's determinate counsel and foreknowledge (LBC).

- Acts 2:23, "this Man, delivered up by the predetermined plan and foreknowledge of God, you nailed to a cross by the hands of godless men and put Him to death."

E. It glorifies God the Father (v.5).

1) The false teachers were not ministering for the glory of Christ, but for their own glory (BEC).

A) Galatians 6:12-14, "Those who desire to make a good showing in the flesh try to compel you to be circumcised, simply that they may not be persecuted for the cross of Christ. For those who are circumcised do not even keep the Law themselves, but they desire to have you circumcised, that they may boast in your flesh. But may it never be that I should boast, except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, through which the world has been crucified to me, and I to the world."

B) Like false teachers today, the Judaizers were not busy winning lost people to Christ; rather, they were stealing other men's converts and bragging about their statistics.

2) The apostle's supreme purpose was to glorify his Lord, and he calls all believers to do everything "to the glory of God" (1 Cor. 10:31: MacArthur).

3) According to the gospel of grace, all the glory for man's salvation go to God the Father and to the Lord Jesus Christ (BBC).

- Man cannot share this glory as a co-savior by keeping the law.

II. The Counterfeit Gospel (vv.6-9).
1. Its effects (vv.6-7).

A. Upon believers (vv.6a, 7b).

1) Many deserted the truth for a lie (v.6a).

A) Paul was amazed that they should so suddenly surrender the truth of the gospel, and he solemnly labels their action as deserting God for a false gospel (BBC).

(1) "deserting," ("metatithemi" {met-at-ith'-ay-mee: v, ind, pres, mid or pass, 2 per, pl}); as changing one's loyalty as a follower, turn from, desert, become apostate, to transfer, to fall away or desert from, to transpose, to change.

- As in a military desertion (BKC).

(2) The present tense indicates (LBC):

(A) That the transfer had begun.

(B) That it was in progress.

(C) That it was not yet complete.

B) The apostle was especially surprised that the defection had come so quickly (MacArthur).

(1) "quickly," ("tacheos" {takh-eh'-oce: adj, adv}); quickly, soon, hastily, suddenly, shortly.

(2) The believers apparently offered little and ineffective resistance to the false teachers and therefore were fickle in their allegiance to Paul and his teaching.

- They quickly and easily came under the influence of heretical doctrines.

C) Their defection was not only from the gospel of God, but from God Himself (LBC).

(1) This assertion should have startled the Galatians who probably thought they were honoring God by trying to keep His law.

(2) Their departure from God was dangerous and dreadful.

(3) They were abandoning God and His grace by putting themselves under the law and its curse.

2) Many were being disturbed by the lie (v.7b).

A) The legalists were in Galatia at the time Paul wrote, and they were confusing the Galatians and shaking their allegiance to Christ (LBC).

B) "disturbing," ("tarasso" {tar-as'-so: v, part, pres, act, nom, m, pl}): shake or stir up, unsettle, throw into confusion, disturb, to take away calmness of mind.

(1) Figuratively, it connotes deep emotional disturbance and refers to an unsettled mind (MacArthur).

(2) The present tense means that the legalists were in Galatia at the time Paul wrote (LBC).

B. Upon the truth of the real gospel (vv.6b-7a, 7c).

1) It was really a different message (vv.6b-7a).

A) Paul insisted that a gospel of legalism which adds work to faith is not the same kind of gospel that he preached and by which they were saved (BKC).

B) The Judaizers were promoting a different gospel, a completely contrary and ineffective means of being right with God (MacArthur).

(1) "different," ("heteros" {het'-er-os: adj, acc, neut, sg}): other, different, another of a different kind, not identical with what was previously referred to, one not of the same nature.

(2) It was different and therefore no gospel at all (LBC).

(A) A message of salvation by works is not good news to lost sinners.

(B) The message of the legalists was diametrically opposed to the gospel of God's grace.

- When the works of the law are added to grace, you no longer have grace.

- There is no other gospel, only a spurious semblance.

2) It was a distortion of the truth (v.7c).

A) It was actually an attempt to pervert the gospel of Christ (BKC).

(1) "distort," ("metastrepho" {met-as-tref'-o: v, inf, aor, act}); alter, cause to be different, as turning something to its opposite state, pervert.

(2) To attempt to change the gospel has the effect of making it the very opposite of what it really is (McGee).

(A) The Judaizers did not deny the facts of the gospel--that Jesus died and rose again.

(B) What they denied was that this was adequate.

- They insisted that you have to keep the law plus trusting Christ.

B) The least bit of law that is added to the gospel of Christ reverses its character and turns it into that which is contrary to God's gracious provision of salvation and sanctification based entirely on the merits of His sinless, sin bearing Son (MacArthur).

2. Its messengers (vv.8-9).

A. They come in all shapes and sizes (v.8a).

1) To emphasize the fact that the true gospel of the grace of God cannot be changed, Paul first stated a hypothetical case (BKC).

2) The apostle was reaching for the most fanciful possibilities imaginable to make his point that absolutely no messenger, no matter how seemingly godly and good, should be believed or followed if his teaching does not square with God revealed apostolic doctrine (MacArthur).

A) The truth outranks anyone's credentials, and every teacher or preacher must be evaluated on the basis of what he says, not who he is.

B) Many false systems are attractive because they emotionally appeal to love, brotherhood, unity, and harmony.

C) Many false teachers are popular because they seem to be warm and pleasant, and claim to have great love for God and for others.

D) The test of a man's ministry is not popularity (Matt. 24:11), or miraculous signs and wonders (Matt. 24:23-24), but his faithfulness to the Word of God (Isa. 8:20; 1 Tim. 4; 1 John 4:1-6: BEC)

B. Their judgment (vv.8b-9).

1) The Judaizers had come along and substituted their false gospel for the true Gospel, and for this sin Paul pronounced them accursed (BEC).

A) "accursed," ("anathema" {an-ath'-em-ah: n, nom, neut, sg}); of someone who is delivered over to divine wrath, a curse, one accursed, of the dreadful consequences of doing something.

B) If anybody were preaching a different gospel (which the false teachers were), he would come under God's eternal judgment (BKC).

(1) It is not difficult to understand why Paul reacted so strongly, because the Judaizers were impugning the Cross; for if works were necessary for salvation, then the work of Christ was not sufficient (2:21).

(2) Furthermore a great deal is at stake for lost people, because when the gospel message is corrupted, the way of salvation is confused and people are in danger of being eternally lost.

2) Paul no doubt had warned them of the dangers of false teachers as he did the Ephesians elders (Acts 20:29-32: LBC).

A) "say," ("lego" {leg'-o: v, ind, pres, act, 1 per, sg}); to say, referred to, to speak, tell, state.

B) "again," ("palin" {pal'-in: adj, adv}); denoting a return to a previous state or activity, again, further, moreover.

Truths To Ponder:
1. There is only one true gospel and only one way to heaven.

A. We are saved by God's plan, not ours.

B. We are saved by Christ's willing sacrifice of Himself, and not by our meager attempts of adding to our salvation by our works.

C. We are saved completely by Christ's blood that was shed for us on the cross, so there's nothing more we can do to improve it.

D. Only God's plan of salvation glorifies God the Father, man's attempts can only bring glory to himself.

E . Only God's plan of salvation can bring grace and peace to its hearers.

A. False gospels are man-made and man-pleasing, that seek to put men under bondage by compelling them to do something that will add to the finished work of Jesus Christ.

B. False gospels forget the divine power that was manifested through God's Spirit, given through faith and makes men return to a reliance on the flesh.

C. False gospels fail to remember that the Old Testament Law condemned men, and that salvation was always a matter of God's promise, not men's performance.

Verse One.
- "apostle," ("apostolos" {ap-os'-tol-os: n, nom, m, sg}); as one who is sent on a mission with full authority, apostle,
    messenger, envoy, someone who is a commissioned representative of a congregation, delegate, missionary, representative,
    often used of a persons who have the special task of founding and establishing churches.
- "from," ("apo" {apo': prep, gen}); used to denote a point from which something begins or comes from, from, out from, of.
    (KJV = of).

-- Vincent: From men, as authorizing the office.
-- McGee: the preposition apo conveys the meaning of "not from men," that is, it is not legalistic. He is not an apostle by appointment or commission after attended a school or taken a prescribed course.

-- Vincent: through man, as issuing the call to the person. He thus distinguishes himself from false apostles who did not derive their commissions from God, and ranks himself with the twelve.
-- McGee: The preposition dia indicates that it was not through man, that is, not ritualistic by means of laying on of hands, as by a bishop or church court.

-- Robertson: The bluntness of Paul's denial is due to the charge made by the Judaizers that Paul was not a genuine apostle because not one of the twelve. This charge had been made in Corinth and called forth the keenest irony of Paul (2Co 10-12). In Ga 1; 2 Paul proves his independence of the twelve and his equality with them as recognized by them. Paul denies that his apostleship had a human source and that it had come to him through a human channel.

-- Robertson: Paul was qualified to be an apostle since he had seen the Risen Christ (1Co 9:1; 15:8f.). This verb is often used in N.T. for raising from the sleep of death, to wake up the dead.

Verse Two.
- "all," ("pas" {pas: nom, m, pl}); all, each, every, the whole, everyone.
- "brethren," ("adelphos" {ad-el-fos': n, nom, m, pl}); from the same womb, brothers, fellow Christians, fellow believers,
- "me," ("emoi" {em-oy': n, pron, dat, 1per, sg}); with reference to the speaker, I, me.
- "churches," ("ekklesia" {ek-klay-see'-ah: n, dat, f, pl}); assemblies, congregations, churches.

-- Robertson: A circular letter therefore to all the churches in the province (both South Galatia and North Galatia if he really labored there).

Verse Three.
- "grace," ("charis" {khar'-ece: n, nom, f, sg}); grace, good will, favor, kindness, used here as an experience or state resulting
    from God's favor, favored position, the divine influence upon the heart and its reflection in the life.
- "peace," ("eirene" {i-ray'-nay: n, nom, f, sg}); a state of tranquillity, a state of peace, used here of the disposition
    characterized by inner rest and harmony, freedom from anxiety.
- "from," ("apo" {apo': prep, gen}); used to denote a point from which something begins (the point of origin), from, out from,
    out of, because of.
- "Lord," ("kurios" {koo'-ree-os: n, gen, m, sg}): he to whom a person or thing belongs, lord, master, owner, sovereign.

Verse Four.
- "gave," ("didomi" {did'-o-mee: v, part, aor, act, gen, m, sg}); of what is given by a person in superior position to one in subordinate position, gave, bestowed.

-- Robertson: He refers to the death of Christ (cf. 1Co 15:3; Ga 2:20; Ro 5:6f.).

-- Robertson: Old verb to pluck out, to rescue (Ac 23:27). "Strikes the keynote of the epistle. The gospel is a rescue, an emancipation from a state of bondage"

-- Robertson: Literally, "out of the age the existing one being evil." It is present as related to future (Ro 8:38; Heb 9:9).

-- Robertson: Not according to any merit in us.

-- Vincent: Lit. unto the ages of the ages.

Verse Six.
- "amazed," ("thaumazo" {thou-mad'-zo: v, ind, pres, act, 1 per, sg}); to be astonished or surprised, marvel, to be amazed.
    (KJV = marvel)

-- Robertson: That is a continuous amazement to Paul and to men today that so many are so silly and so gullible to modern as to ancient charlatans.
-- Vincent: Often used by Greek orators of surprise as something reprehensible.

-- Robertson: "so quickly" either from the time of their conversion or most likely from the time when the Judaizers came and tempted them. So easily some of them are falling victims to these perverters of the gospel.
-- Vincent: Better, so quickly. Paul does not mean so soon after a particular event, as their conversion, or his last visit, or the entry of the false teachers, -- but refers to the rapidity of their apostasy.

-- Robertson: To change places, to transfer.
-- Vincent: Lit., are removing or going over, indicating an apostasy not consummated but in progress. The verb is used in Class. of altering a treaty, changing an opinion, desertion from an army.

-- Vincent: God. Not neuter and referring to the gospel. Calling, in the writings of the apostles, is habitually represented as God's work (Romans 8:30; 9:11; 1 Corinthians 1:9; Galatians 1:15; 1 Thessalonians 2:12; 1 Peter 1:15; 2:9; 2 Peter 1:3).

-- Vincent: Into is wrong. It should be by.

-- Vincent: Rather a different, another sort of gospel (Matthew 6:24; Luke 16:7; 18:10).

-- Robertson: These men as in 2Co 11:4 preach "another Jesus" and a "different gospel" and so have fallen away from grace and have done away with Christ (Ga 5:4).

-- Robertson: It is no "gospel" (good news) at all, but a yoke of bondage to the law and the abolition of grace. There is but one gospel and that is of grace, not works.
-- Vincent: A different gospel is not another gospel. There is but one gospel.

-- Robertson: This very verb is used in Ac 17:8 of the Jews in Thessalonica who "disturbed" the politarchs and the people about Paul.
-- Vincent: The article with the participle marks these persons as characteristically troublesome -- the troublers.

-- Robertson: "Wish to turn about," change completely as in Ac 2:20; Jas 4:9. The very existence of the gospel of Christ was at stake.

Verse Eight.
- "though," ("kai" {kahee: adj, adv}); even, if, used here to reinforce a contrast or comparison.
- "angel," ("aggelos" {ang'-el-os: n, nom, m, sg}); a divine messenger or agent from God, envoy, one who is sent, an angel.
- "from," ("ek" {ek: prep, gen}); out of, from, by, of.
- "heaven," ("ouranos" {oo-ran-os': n, gen, m, sg}); heaven, used here of the dwelling place of God and angels.
- "should preach...gospel," ("euaggelizo" {yoo-ang-ghel-id'-zo: v, subj, pres, mid, 3 per, sg}); to bring or announce good
    news, to preach the gospel, preach. (KJV = preach...gospel)
- "contrary," ("para" {par-ah': prep, acc}); rather than, to the exclusion of, different, contrary to, against, beyond, without
    regard for (KJV = than that)
- "preached," ("euaggelizo" {yoo-ang-ghel-id'-zo: v, ind, aor, mid, 1 per, pl}): to bring or announce good news, to preach the
    gospel, preach.
- "be," ("estw" {es'-to: v, imper, pres, act, 3 per, sg}); to be, denotes what happens, be, take place, occur, happen.
- "accursed," ("anathema" {an-ath'-em-ah: n, nom, neut, sg}); of someone who is delivered over to divine wrath, a curse, one
    accursed, of the dreadful consequences of doing something.

Verse Nine.
- "have said before," ("proereo" {pro-er-eh'-o: v, ind, perf, act, 1 per, pl}); tell to beforehand, in reference to what was said
    previously, to have already said, to have mentioned previously. (KJV = said before)

-- Vincent: Not to be referred to the preceding verse, since the compound verb would be too strong, and now in the following clause points to an earlier time, a previous visit.

-- Robertson: Paul calls down a curse on any one who proclaims a gospel to them contrary to that which they had received from him.

Barnes - Albert Barnes, Notes on the Bible.
BBC - William MacDonald, Believer's Bible Commentary.
BEC - Warren W. Wiersbe, The Bible Exposition Commentary, vol.1.
BFS - Bible Studies Foundation (http://www.bible.org/).
BKC - John Walvoord & Roy Zuck, The Bible Knowledge Commentary (New Testament ed).
ENG - SBC Winter Bible Study Material, Expository Notes on the book of Galatians, 1995.
GGG - David M. Levy, Guarding the Gospel of Grace.
LBC - Liberty Bible Commentary on the New Testament.
MacArthur - John MacArthur's New Testament Commentary: Galatians.
McGee - J. Vernon McGee, Commentary on Galatians, vol 46.
QRGB - MacArthur's Quick Reference Guide To The Bible, 2001.
WTWBC - Warren Wiersbe, With The Word Bible Commentary.

Note: Pronunciation breakdown for proper names and geographical locations are based upon "Harper's Bible Pronunciation Guide," by William O. Walker, Jr., General Editor, Harper & Row Publishers, San Francisco CA., 1989.
 

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   Virginia.
. Vincent's Word Studies in the New Testament, vol. 1 the Epistles of James, Peter, and Jude, by Marvin Vincent, AGE'S
   Software, Albany OR., ver.2.0, 1997.
. Word Studies in the Greek New Testament, by Kenneth S. Wuest, Willaim B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand
   Rapids MI, 1988.
. Word Pictures in the New Testament, by Archibald Thomas Robertson, Broadman Press, Nashville TN, 1930.